Malnutrición por exceso durante la gestación: análisis de tendencia secular y de factores asociados, Región de La Araucanía, Chile / Secular trend for overweight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy in a Southern Chilean region

BACKGROUND: Overweight during pregnancy has increased in Chile. In the region of La Araucanía it occurs in 67% of pregnancies, which exceeds the national indicators. AIM: To analyze the secular trend during eight years of the nutritional status at the beginning of gestation, the excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and its association with individual factors in pregnant women cared the public health system of two Southern Chilean neighboring cities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional and longitudinal trend design. We used an anonymized database with 17,270 reproductive data of urban pregnant women who were cared between 2009 and 2016. Trend analysis was performed to evaluate secular changes (nptrend < 0.05) in nutritional indicators and logistic regression to determine the association with individual characteristics. RESULTS: In the study period, overweight at the beginning of pregnancy increased by 13.1 percentage points. Forty percent of pregnant women with normal initial body mass index, were overweight or obese at the end of pregnancy. The excessive weight gain decreased slightly (z=-3.33, p = 0.001), but unevenly in both cities. Adolescent pregnancy, a low education and low socio-economic level of household together with previous overweight and a family or personal history of chronic diseases are associated with excessive gestational weight gain. Conclusions: The results show social inequality. Female malnutrition by excess is a problem that must be addressed through a robust public policy, centered on primary health care level and with a focus on social determinants. Prenatal care provides a window of opportunity to intervene.

Percepción de riesgo de exposición ocupacional a sílice: construcción y validación de un cuestionario en Chile / Risk perception of occupational exposure to silica: construction and validation of a questionnaire in Chile

Resumen: Introducción: La silicosis es una enfermedad pulmonar progresiva, irreversible, pero potencialmente prevenible. Conocer la percepción de riesgo en trabajadores expuestos a sílice es necesario para intervenir y reducir la incidencia de silicosis y otras enfermedades relacionadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar un Cuestionario de Percepción de Riesgo de Exposición Ocupacional a Sílice (CuPREOS) en trabajadores expuestos, en distintas actividades laborales en Temuco, Chile. Material y método: Una etapa de exploración con enfoque fenomenológico/ naturalista permitió conformar categorías de primer y segundo orden, que concluyó en una primera versión del instrumento. Una segunda etapa incluyó análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Resultados: Se develaron dos dimensiones subyacentes: a) evidencia de riesgo, en la que el trabajador manifiesta evaluar señales de alarma y b) ausencia de riesgo, en la que sopesa aspectos que contrarrestan las anteriores. Ambas configuran la estructura conceptual que conforma el CuPREOS de 9 ítems/preguntas, con una confiabilidad de 0.84 (alfa Cronbach). Los indicadores del análisis confirmatorio revelan un buen ajuste del mode lo. Discusión: la percepción de riesgo es un constructo que involucra complejidades sociales y culturales, su medición debe ser sencilla y práctica; su conocimiento permitiría decisiones más efectivas en pre vención e intervención.

Abstract: Introduction: Silicosis is a progressive lung disease, irreversible, but potentially preventable. Knowing the perception of risk in workers exposed to silica is necessary to intervene and reduce the incidence of silicosis and other related diseases. The objective of this study was to validate a Questionnaire of risk perception of occupational expo sure to silica (CuPREOS) in exposed workers, in different work activities in Temuco, Chile. Material and method: A stage of explo ration with phenomenological/naturalist approach allowed to create categories of first and second order, which ended in a first version of the instrument. The second stage included exploratory and con firmatory factor analysis. Results: two underlying dimensions were revealed: a) evidence of risk, in which worker states to evaluate signals of alarm and b) absence of risk, in which he weighs aspects that counteract the previous ones. Both set up the conceptual frame work that sustain the CuPREOS of 9 items/questions, with a reliabil ity of 0.84 (Cronbach alfa). The confirmatory analysis indicators show a good fit of the model. Discussion: the perception of risk is a construct involving social and cultural complexities, its measurement should be simple and practical; its knowledge would enable more effective decision-making in prevention and intervention.